Character codex

  • Airy Disk Hoodie

    Kracht
    A circular aperture can't focus light to a point; diffraction turns a point of light into a bright central disk with faint rings.
    Vergelijking
    \[I(x) = I_0\left(\frac{2J_1(x)}{x}\right)^2,\qquad x = \frac{\pi D\sin\theta}{\lambda}\]
    Jaar
    1835
    Wetenschapper
    George Biddell Airy
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • Arnold's Cat

    Kracht
    Each step stretches the picture in one direction and squeezes it in another, keeping its area, so the cat quickly turns to noise.
    Vergelijking
    \[\Gamma:\ (x, y) \mapsto (x + y,\ x + 2y) \bmod 1\]
    Jaar
    1968
    Wetenschapper
    Vladimir Arnold
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Azurwake

    Kracht
    A charged particle moving through a medium faster than light travels in that medium emits light in a cone, like a sonic boom.
    Vergelijking
    \[\cos\theta = \frac{1}{n\beta}, \qquad \beta > \frac{1}{n}\]
    Jaar
    1937
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • Beats Hoodie

    Kracht
    Two tones with nearly equal frequencies add up to a single tone at their average frequency whose loudness swells and fades.
    Vergelijking
    \[x = \cos(2\pi f_1 t)+\cos(2\pi f_2 t) = 2\cos(\pi\Delta f\, t)\cos(2\pi\bar f\, t)\]
    Jaar
    1863
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Bifurcation Hoodie

    Kracht
    The logistic map is a single line of arithmetic, yet as r increases its long-term value splits into 2, 4, 8 values and then becomes chaotic.
    Vergelijking
    \[x_{n+1} = r\,x_n(1-x_n)\]
    Jaar
    1976
    Wetenschapper
    Mitchell Feigenbaum
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Bifurcor

    Kracht
    A magnetic field that changes with height pushes on an atom's magnetic moment.
    Vergelijking
    \[F_z = \mu_z\,\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial z}\]
    Jaar
    1922
    Domein
    Quantum

  • Blackbody Hoodie

    Kracht
    Planck's law gives how bright a blackbody shines at each wavelength for a given temperature.
    Vergelijking
    \[B_\lambda(T) = \frac{2hc^2}{\lambda^5}\,\frac{1}{e^{hc/\lambda k_BT} - 1}\]
    Jaar
    1901
    Wetenschapper
    Max Planck
    Domein
    Heat & Entropy

  • Bose-Einstein Condensate 1995 Tee

    Kracht
    Cool atoms until their quantum waves are as wide as the spaces between them, and thousands of them fall into the same lowest-energy state and act as one.
    Vergelijking
    \[\lambda_{\mathrm{dB}} = \frac{h}{\sqrt{2\pi m k_B T}}\]
    Jaar
    1995
    Wetenschapper
    Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman, Wolfgang Ketterle
    Domein
    Quantum

  • Brachistochrone Hoodie

    Kracht
    The fastest slide between two points under gravity is not a straight line but a cycloid, the curve traced by a point on a rolling wheel.
    Vergelijking
    \[x = R(\theta - \sin\theta),\qquad y = R(1 - \cos\theta)\]
    Jaar
    1696
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Bremsella

    Kracht
    Any accelerating charge radiates.
    Vergelijking
    \[P = \frac{q^2 a^2}{6\pi\varepsilon_0 c^3}\]
    Jaar
    1897
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • Brownian Motion Hoodie

    Kracht
    A pollen grain in water is knocked around by countless molecules, so it wanders randomly with no memory of its previous step.
    Vergelijking
    \[\langle r^2\rangle = 4Dt\quad\text{(2D)}\]
    Jaar
    1905
    Wetenschapper
    Albert Einstein
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Heat & Entropy

  • Casimira

    Kracht
    Quantum vacuum fluctuations between two close, parallel, uncharged metal plates are restricted, so the plates are pulled together.
    Vergelijking
    \[\frac{F}{A} = -\frac{\pi^2\hbar c}{240\,d^4}\]
    Jaar
    1948
    Domein
    Quantum

  • Catenary Hoodie

    Kracht
    A chain hanging freely under its own weight takes the shape of a hyperbolic cosine, the catenary.
    Vergelijking
    \[y = a\cosh(x/a)\]
    Jaar
    1691
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Caustic Hoodie

    Kracht
    Light reflecting off the inside of a cup gathers along a bright curve, a caustic, where many reflected rays bunch together.
    Vergelijking
    \[x = \tfrac{R}{4}\left(3\cos t-\cos 3t\right)\]
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • Chandrasekhar Limit Tee: 1.4 M☉

    Kracht
    In a white dwarf, electrons refuse to share quantum states and push back, holding the star up.
    Vergelijking
    \[M_{\mathrm{Ch}} = \frac{\omega_3^{0}\sqrt{3\pi}}{2}\left(\frac{\hbar c}{G}\right)^{3/2}\frac{1}{(\mu_e m_H)^{2}} \approx \frac{5.8\,M_\odot}{\mu_e^{2}}\]
    Jaar
    1931
    Wetenschapper
    Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
    Domein
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Condensa

    Kracht
    Below a critical temperature, a gas of bosons starts collecting in its lowest quantum state.
    Vergelijking
    \[\frac{N_0}{N} = 1 - \left(\frac{T}{T_c}\right)^{3/2}\quad(T\le T_c)\]
    Jaar
    1925
    Domein
    Quantum

  • Corekeeper

    Kracht
    Yukawa proposed that nucleons attract by exchanging a massive particle.
    Vergelijking
    \[V(r) = -\frac{g^{2}}{4\pi}\frac{e^{-r/\lambda}}{r}, \qquad \lambda = \frac{\hbar}{m_\pi c}\]
    Jaar
    1935
    Wetenschapper
    Murray Gell-Mann, Richard Feynman
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • Coriolix

    Kracht
    In a rotating frame, moving objects appear to be pushed sideways by the Coriolis term, −2Ω × v.
    Vergelijking
    \[\mathbf{a}' = -2\,\boldsymbol{\Omega}\times\mathbf{v}' - \boldsymbol{\Omega}\times(\boldsymbol{\Omega}\times\mathbf{r}')\]
    Jaar
    1835
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Cryo Fault

    Kracht
    Griffith showed that a crack grows when the elastic energy it releases is enough to pay for the new surface it creates.
    Vergelijking
    \[\sigma_f = \sqrt{\frac{2E\gamma_s}{\pi a}}\]
    Jaar
    1921
    Wetenschapper
    Alan Arnold Griffith
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Heat & Entropy

  • Dark Matter Host

    Kracht
    When two galaxy clusters collided in the Bullet Cluster, their hot gas slammed together and stalled, but bent background light shows most of the mass sailed on with the galaxies.
    Vergelijking
    \[v(r)^{2} = \frac{G M(r)}{r} \;\Rightarrow\; M(r) = \frac{v^{2} r}{G}\]
    Jaar
    1937
    Wetenschapper
    Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, Vera Rubin
    Domein
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Decay Dancer

    Kracht
    A free neutron decays into a proton, an electron and an antineutrino, because one down quark turns into an up quark by emitting a W boson.
    Vergelijking
    \[n \to p + e^{-} + \bar\nu_e\]
    Jaar
    1934
    Wetenschapper
    Enrico Fermi
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • Decoherex

    Kracht
    The off-diagonal terms in a density matrix carry the ability to interfere.
    Vergelijking
    \[\rho_{01}(t) = \rho_{01}(0)\,e^{-t/\tau_D}\]
    Jaar
    1970
    Wetenschapper
    Wojciech Zurek
    Domein
    Quantum

  • Diagonix

    Kracht
    A polarizer passes the fraction cos²θ of already-polarized light.
    Vergelijking
    \[I = I_0\cos^2\theta\]
    Jaar
    1809
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • Diffraction Hoodie

    Kracht
    X-rays reflecting from successive planes of atoms in a crystal add up only when the extra path between planes is a whole number of wavelengths.
    Vergelijking
    \[n\lambda = 2d\sin\theta\]
    Jaar
    1913
    Wetenschapper
    William Lawrence Bragg
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Double Pendulum Hoodie

    Kracht
    Two pendulums hinged together follow exactly from one Lagrangian with no randomness at all.
    Vergelijking
    \[L = ml^2\left[\dot\theta_1^2 + \tfrac12\dot\theta_2^2 + \dot\theta_1\dot\theta_2\cos(\theta_1-\theta_2)\right] + mgl\left(2\cos\theta_1 + \cos\theta_2\right)\]
    Jaar
    1788
    Wetenschapper
    Joseph-Louis Lagrange
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Double Slit Hoodie

    Kracht
    Light from two slits interferes, giving bright stripes wherever the path difference is a whole number of wavelengths.
    Vergelijking
    \[I(\theta) = I_0\cos^2\!\left(\frac{\pi d\sin\theta}{\lambda}\right)\mathrm{sinc}^2\!\left(\frac{\pi a\sin\theta}{\lambda}\right)\]
    Jaar
    1804
    Wetenschapper
    Thomas Young
    Domein
    Quantum

  • Drum Mode Hoodie

    Kracht
    A drumhead fixed at its rim can only vibrate in certain shapes, each a Bessel function in radius times a cosine in angle.
    Vergelijking
    \[\nabla^2 u = \frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2}\]
    Jaar
    1829
    Wetenschapper
    Siméon Denis Poisson
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Einstein Ring Hoodie

    Kracht
    A mass lying exactly between us and a distant source bends the source's light into a ring.
    Vergelijking
    \[\beta = \theta - \frac{\theta_E^2}{\theta}\]
    Jaar
    1936
    Wetenschapper
    Albert Einstein
    Domein
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Eventide Prophet

    Kracht
    Hawking showed that black holes glow faintly, with a temperature that goes down as their mass goes up.
    Vergelijking
    \[T_H = \frac{\hbar c^{3}}{8\pi G M k_B}\]
    Jaar
    1975
    Wetenschapper
    Jacob Bekenstein, Stephen Hawking
    Domein
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Exclusor

    Kracht
    Electrons are fermions, so their joint wavefunction must change sign when two are swapped.
    Vergelijking
    \[\psi(x_1,x_2) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{vmatrix} \phi_a(x_1) & \phi_b(x_1) \\ \phi_a(x_2) & \phi_b(x_2) \end{vmatrix}\]
    Jaar
    1925
    Wetenschapper
    Wolfgang Pauli
    Domein
    Quantum

  • Expulsieur

    Kracht
    A superconductor expels magnetic field from its interior, which a merely perfect conductor would not do.
    Vergelijking
    \[\mathbf{B}_{\text{inside}} = 0\]
    Jaar
    1935
    Domein
    Quantum

  • Feynman Diagram Hoodie

    Kracht
    When an electron and positron annihilate into a muon pair through a virtual photon, quantum electrodynamics gives the angular pattern 1 + cos²θ.
    Vergelijking
    \[\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega} = \frac{\alpha^2}{4s}\left(1+\cos^2\theta\right)\]
    Jaar
    1949
    Wetenschapper
    Richard Feynman
    Domein
    Forces & Fields, Quantum

  • Field Lines Hoodie

    Kracht
    Every electric charge produces a field pointing away from it if positive, or toward it if negative, weakening as one over distance squared.
    Vergelijking
    \[\nabla\cdot\mathbf{E} = \frac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0}\]
    Jaar
    1785
    Wetenschapper
    Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • ForceShift

    Kracht
    A quantum particle facing a barrier higher than its energy has a small chance of appearing on the other side.
    Vergelijking
    \[T \approx e^{-2\kappa L}, \qquad \kappa = \frac{\sqrt{2m(V_0 - E)}}{\hbar}\]
    Jaar
    1928
    Wetenschapper
    George Gamow
    Domein
    Quantum

  • Foucault Hoodie

    Kracht
    The swing plane of a Foucault pendulum appears to turn because the floor rotates with the Earth underneath it.
    Vergelijking
    \[\Omega = \omega_\oplus\sin\phi\]
    Jaar
    1851
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Graviton Whisper

    Kracht
    Far from strong sources, Einstein's equations reduce to a wave equation: moving masses send out ripples in spacetime that travel at the speed of light.
    Vergelijking
    \[\Box\,\bar h_{\mu\nu} = -\frac{16\pi G}{c^{4}}\,T_{\mu\nu}\]
    Jaar
    1916
    Wetenschapper
    Matvei Bronstein, Richard Feynman
    Domein
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Gyrolla

    Kracht
    A magnetic field bends a charged particle into a circle without changing its speed.
    Vergelijking
    \[q v B = \frac{m v^2}{r} \;\Rightarrow\; r = \frac{m v}{q B}\]
    Jaar
    1932
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • Hadron Brawler

    Kracht
    The Cornell potential describes the force between a heavy quark and antiquark: Coulomb-like at short range, with an extra term that grows steadily with distance.
    Vergelijking
    \[V(r) = -\frac{4}{3}\frac{\alpha_s \hbar c}{r} + \sigma r\]
    Jaar
    1975
    Wetenschapper
    Murray Gell-Mann
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • I Twist Space Itself

    Kracht
    Mass curves spacetime, so a ray of light passing the Sun follows a bent path.
    Vergelijking
    \[\alpha = \frac{4GM}{c^{2}b}\]
    Jaar
    1916
    Wetenschapper
    Albert Einstein
    Domein
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Interfera

    Kracht
    When a particle can reach the screen by two paths, you add the amplitudes before squaring them, and the cross term creates bright and dark fringes.
    Vergelijking
    \[P = \lvert\psi_1 + \psi_2\rvert^{2} = \lvert\psi_1\rvert^{2} + \lvert\psi_2\rvert^{2} + 2\,\mathrm{Re}\!\left(\psi_1^{*}\psi_2\right)\]
    Jaar
    1976
    Wetenschapper
    Richard Feynman, Thomas Young
    Domein
    Quantum

  • Invertia

    Kracht
    Temperature is defined by how entropy changes when you add energy.
    Vergelijking
    \[\frac{1}{T} = \frac{\partial S}{\partial E} < 0\]
    Jaar
    1951
    Domein
    Heat & Entropy

  • Ising Model Hoodie

    Kracht
    In the Ising model each spin points up or down and prefers to match its neighbours, while heat tries to scramble them.
    Vergelijking
    \[H = -J\sum_{\langle ij\rangle} s_is_j,\qquad s_i = \pm1\]
    Jaar
    1944
    Wetenschapper
    Lars Onsager
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Heat & Entropy

  • Kepler Orbit Hoodie

    Kracht
    A planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times, which is angular momentum conservation, so it moves fastest when it is closest to the Sun.
    Vergelijking
    \[\frac{dA}{dt} = \frac{L}{2m} = \text{const}\]
    Jaar
    1609
    Wetenschapper
    Johannes Kepler
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Lagrange Points Hoodie

    Kracht
    In a frame rotating with two orbiting bodies, gravity and the centrifugal effect combine into one effective potential.
    Vergelijking
    \[U = -\frac{1-\mu}{r_1} - \frac{\mu}{r_2} - \frac{x^2+y^2}{2}\]
    Jaar
    1772
    Wetenschapper
    Joseph-Louis Lagrange
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Lenzor

    Kracht
    A changing magnetic flux induces a voltage, and the induced current always flows so as to oppose the change.
    Vergelijking
    \[\mathcal{E} = -\frac{d\Phi_B}{dt}\]
    Jaar
    1834
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • Libratrix

    Kracht
    Two bodies orbiting each other have five points where a small third body can keep pace with them.
    Vergelijking
    \[r_{L2} \approx R\left(\frac{M_2}{3M_1}\right)^{1/3}\]
    Jaar
    1772
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Light Cone Hoodie

    Kracht
    In spacetime, light travels along a cone that separates events you could reach or be reached from (past and future) from those you can't (elsewhere).
    Vergelijking
    \[ds^2 = c^2dt^2 - dx^2 - dy^2 - dz^2\]
    Jaar
    1909
    Wetenschapper
    Hermann Minkowski
    Domein
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Lissajous Hoodie

    Kracht
    Plotting one oscillation against another at right angles traces a Lissajous figure.
    Vergelijking
    \[x = A\sin(3\omega t),\qquad y = B\sin(2\omega t + \pi/2)\]
    Jaar
    1857
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Mach Cone Hoodie

    Kracht
    An object moving faster than sound outruns its own sound waves, and they pile up into a cone.
    Vergelijking
    \[\sin\mu = \frac{c}{v} = \frac{1}{M}\]
    Jaar
    1887
    Wetenschapper
    Ernst Mach
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Magnara

    Kracht
    A spinning ball moving through air is pushed sideways, toward the side where its surface moves with the airflow.
    Vergelijking
    \[\mathbf{F}_M = \alpha\,\boldsymbol{\omega}\times\mathbf{v}\]
    Jaar
    1853
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Magnetic Dipole Hoodie

    Kracht
    Magnetic field lines never start or stop, because there are no magnetic charges.
    Vergelijking
    \[\nabla\cdot\mathbf{B} = 0\]
    Jaar
    1865
    Wetenschapper
    James Clerk Maxwell
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • Magnetron Twins

    Kracht
    The energy of two small magnets depends on both their distance and how they are oriented relative to the line joining them.
    Vergelijking
    \[U = -\frac{\mu_0}{4\pi r^{3}}\left[3(\vec m_1\cdot\hat r)(\vec m_2\cdot\hat r) - \vec m_1\cdot\vec m_2\right]\]
    Jaar
    1873
    Wetenschapper
    James Clerk Maxwell
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • Moderon

    Kracht
    A neutron loses the largest share of its energy when it hits a nucleus of about its own mass.
    Vergelijking
    \[\alpha = \left(\frac{A-1}{A+1}\right)^2\]
    Jaar
    1935
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • Muonaut

    Kracht
    Muons made high in the atmosphere live only about two microseconds, too short to cross the atmosphere at face value.
    Vergelijking
    \[\Delta t = \gamma\,\tau, \qquad L = \frac{L_0}{\gamma}\]
    Jaar
    1941
    Domein
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Neutrina Fade

    Kracht
    A charged particle moving through water faster than light moves in water gives off a cone of blue Cherenkov light, at an angle set by its speed and the refractive index.
    Vergelijking
    \[\cos\theta_C = \frac{1}{n\beta}\]
    Jaar
    1937
    Wetenschapper
    Enrico Fermi, Wolfgang Pauli
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • Nodal Lines Hoodie

    Kracht
    A vibrating plate obeys an equation in which its bending stiffness balances its inertia.
    Vergelijking
    \[D\,\nabla^4 w = \rho h\,\omega^2 w,\qquad D = \frac{E h^3}{12(1-\nu^2)}\]
    Jaar
    1850
    Wetenschapper
    Ernst Chladni
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Null Beacon

    Kracht
    In a universe whose expansion is speeding up, there is a largest distance from which light sent today can ever reach us: about 16.7 billion light-years.
    Vergelijking
    \[d_{\text{EH}}(t) = a(t)\int_{t}^{\infty} \frac{c\,dt^{\prime}}{a(t^{\prime})}\]
    Jaar
    1956
    Domein
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Orbitick

    Kracht
    GPS clocks feel weaker gravity than clocks on the ground, so they run fast, and their orbital speed makes them run slightly slow.
    Vergelijking
    \[\frac{\Delta f}{f} \approx \frac{\Delta\Phi}{c^2} - \frac{v^2}{2c^2}\]
    Jaar
    2003
    Domein
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Oscillayne

    Kracht
    A damped oscillator driven by a periodic force responds most strongly when the drive is close to its natural frequency.
    Vergelijking
    \[\ddot x + \gamma\dot x + \omega_0^{2}x = \frac{F_0}{m}\cos\omega t\]
    Jaar
    1877
    Wetenschapper
    Galileo Galilei, Thomas Young
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Pendulum Phase Space Hoodie

    Kracht
    In a pendulum's phase space, small swings trace closed loops, while fast motions go all the way over the top and keep spinning.
    Vergelijking
    \[H = \frac{p^2}{2ml^2} - mgl\cos\theta\]
    Jaar
    1834
    Wetenschapper
    William Rowan Hamilton
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Pendulux

    Kracht
    A pendulum keeps swinging in a fixed plane while the Earth turns beneath it.
    Vergelijking
    \[\omega_{\text{prec}} = \Omega_\oplus \sin\varphi\]
    Jaar
    1851
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Penrose Diagram Hoodie

    Kracht
    A Penrose diagram squeezes an infinite spacetime onto a finite page while keeping light rays at 45 degrees.
    Vergelijking
    \[ds^2 = -\left(1-\frac{2GM}{c^2r}\right)c^2dt^2 + \frac{dr^2}{1-\frac{2GM}{c^2r}} + r^2d\Omega^2\]
    Jaar
    1916
    Wetenschapper
    Roger Penrose
    Domein
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Photon Sphere Hoodie

    Kracht
    Near a black hole, gravity bends light so strongly that at one and a half times the event-horizon radius light can travel in a circle, the photon sphere.
    Vergelijking
    \[\frac{d^2u}{d\phi^2} + u = \frac{3GM}{c^2}\,u^2,\qquad u = \frac{1}{r}\]
    Jaar
    1916
    Wetenschapper
    Karl Schwarzschild
    Domein
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Plasma Drift

    Kracht
    In a plasma, electrons that are pushed aside spring back and oscillate at the plasma frequency, which depends only on how dense they are.
    Vergelijking
    \[\omega_p = \sqrt{\frac{n_e e^{2}}{\varepsilon_0 m_e}}\]
    Jaar
    1929
    Wetenschapper
    Irving Langmuir
    Domein
    Heat & Entropy

  • Poincaré Section Hoodie

    Kracht
    The Hénon–Heiles potential is a simple model of a star moving in a galaxy.
    Vergelijking
    \[H = \tfrac12\left(p_x^2+p_y^2\right) + \tfrac12\left(x^2+y^2\right) + x^2y - \tfrac13y^3\]
    Jaar
    1964
    Wetenschapper
    Henri Poincaré
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Primordix

    Kracht
    In the first minutes after the Big Bang, the ratio of neutrons to protons froze out at a small fixed value.
    Vergelijking
    \[Y_p \simeq \frac{2\,(n/p)}{1 + n/p}\]
    Jaar
    1966
    Domein
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Probability Cloud Hoodie

    Kracht
    The electron in hydrogen does not follow an orbit.
    Vergelijking
    \[\psi_{nlm}(r,\theta,\phi) = R_{nl}(r)\,Y_l^m(\theta,\phi)\]
    Jaar
    1926
    Wetenschapper
    Erwin Schrödinger
    Domein
    Quantum

  • Projectile Range Hoodie

    Kracht
    Without air resistance, a projectile's range is v² sin 2θ / g, which is largest at 45 degrees.
    Vergelijking
    \[R = \frac{v^2 \sin 2\theta}{g}\]
    Jaar
    1638
    Domein
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • QED Vertex Tee: Alpha Near 1/137

    Kracht
    Every interaction between light and charged particles is built from one junction where a charged particle meets a photon.
    Vergelijking
    \[-ie\gamma^{\mu}\]
    Jaar
    1949
    Wetenschapper
    Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • Quantum Oscillator Hoodie

    Kracht
    A quantum spring can only hold energy in equal steps of ħω, and its lowest level still carries half a step.
    Vergelijking
    \[\hat H = \frac{\hat p^2}{2m} + \frac12 m\omega^2\hat x^2\]
    Jaar
    1925
    Wetenschapper
    Werner Heisenberg
    Domein
    Quantum

  • Quarkbinders

    Kracht
    Baryons such as the proton are built from three quarks with three different colour charges, combined so that the whole is colourless.
    Vergelijking
    \[\lvert B\rangle \propto \varepsilon_{ijk}\,\lvert q^{i} q^{j} q^{k}\rangle\]
    Jaar
    1973
    Wetenschapper
    Hideki Yukawa, Murray Gell-Mann, Richard Feynman
    Domein
    Forces & Fields

  • Quavo & Lia

    Kracht
    In the singlet state, two spins always come out opposite when measured along the same axis, yet each one on its own is completely random.
    Vergelijking
    \[\lvert\Psi^{-}\rangle = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\lvert\uparrow\downarrow\rangle - \lvert\downarrow\uparrow\rangle\right)\]
    Jaar
    1935
    Wetenschapper
    Albert Einstein, John Bell
    Domein
    Quantum

  • Reflexia

    Kracht
    The CHSH combination S adds up correlations measured with two settings on each side.
    Vergelijking
    \[S = E(a,b) - E(a,b^{\prime}) + E(a^{\prime},b) + E(a^{\prime},b^{\prime})\]
    Jaar
    1969
    Wetenschapper
    John Bell
    Domein
    Quantum

  • Refracta

    Kracht
    Light takes the path between two points that takes the least time.
    Vergelijking
    \[\frac{\sin\theta_1}{v_1} = \frac{\sin\theta_2}{v_2}\]
    Jaar
    1662
    Domein
    Forces & Fields