Character codex

  • Airy Disk Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    A circular aperture can't focus light to a point; diffraction turns a point of light into a bright central disk with faint rings.
    Équation
    \[I(x) = I_0\left(\frac{2J_1(x)}{x}\right)^2,\qquad x = \frac{\pi D\sin\theta}{\lambda}\]
    Année
    1835
    Scientifique
    George Biddell Airy
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • Arnold's Cat

    Pouvoir
    Each step stretches the picture in one direction and squeezes it in another, keeping its area, so the cat quickly turns to noise.
    Équation
    \[\Gamma:\ (x, y) \mapsto (x + y,\ x + 2y) \bmod 1\]
    Année
    1968
    Scientifique
    Vladimir Arnold
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Azurwake

    Pouvoir
    A charged particle moving through a medium faster than light travels in that medium emits light in a cone, like a sonic boom.
    Équation
    \[\cos\theta = \frac{1}{n\beta}, \qquad \beta > \frac{1}{n}\]
    Année
    1937
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • Beats Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    Two tones with nearly equal frequencies add up to a single tone at their average frequency whose loudness swells and fades.
    Équation
    \[x = \cos(2\pi f_1 t)+\cos(2\pi f_2 t) = 2\cos(\pi\Delta f\, t)\cos(2\pi\bar f\, t)\]
    Année
    1863
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Bifurcation Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    The logistic map is a single line of arithmetic, yet as r increases its long-term value splits into 2, 4, 8 values and then becomes chaotic.
    Équation
    \[x_{n+1} = r\,x_n(1-x_n)\]
    Année
    1976
    Scientifique
    Mitchell Feigenbaum
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Bifurcor

    Pouvoir
    A magnetic field that changes with height pushes on an atom's magnetic moment.
    Équation
    \[F_z = \mu_z\,\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial z}\]
    Année
    1922
    Domaine
    Quantum

  • Blackbody Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    Planck's law gives how bright a blackbody shines at each wavelength for a given temperature.
    Équation
    \[B_\lambda(T) = \frac{2hc^2}{\lambda^5}\,\frac{1}{e^{hc/\lambda k_BT} - 1}\]
    Année
    1901
    Scientifique
    Max Planck
    Domaine
    Heat & Entropy

  • Bose-Einstein Condensate 1995 Tee

    Pouvoir
    Cool atoms until their quantum waves are as wide as the spaces between them, and thousands of them fall into the same lowest-energy state and act as one.
    Équation
    \[\lambda_{\mathrm{dB}} = \frac{h}{\sqrt{2\pi m k_B T}}\]
    Année
    1995
    Scientifique
    Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman, Wolfgang Ketterle
    Domaine
    Quantum

  • Brachistochrone Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    The fastest slide between two points under gravity is not a straight line but a cycloid, the curve traced by a point on a rolling wheel.
    Équation
    \[x = R(\theta - \sin\theta),\qquad y = R(1 - \cos\theta)\]
    Année
    1696
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Bremsella

    Pouvoir
    Any accelerating charge radiates.
    Équation
    \[P = \frac{q^2 a^2}{6\pi\varepsilon_0 c^3}\]
    Année
    1897
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • Brownian Motion Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    A pollen grain in water is knocked around by countless molecules, so it wanders randomly with no memory of its previous step.
    Équation
    \[\langle r^2\rangle = 4Dt\quad\text{(2D)}\]
    Année
    1905
    Scientifique
    Albert Einstein
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Heat & Entropy

  • Casimira

    Pouvoir
    Quantum vacuum fluctuations between two close, parallel, uncharged metal plates are restricted, so the plates are pulled together.
    Équation
    \[\frac{F}{A} = -\frac{\pi^2\hbar c}{240\,d^4}\]
    Année
    1948
    Domaine
    Quantum

  • Catenary Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    A chain hanging freely under its own weight takes the shape of a hyperbolic cosine, the catenary.
    Équation
    \[y = a\cosh(x/a)\]
    Année
    1691
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Caustic Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    Light reflecting off the inside of a cup gathers along a bright curve, a caustic, where many reflected rays bunch together.
    Équation
    \[x = \tfrac{R}{4}\left(3\cos t-\cos 3t\right)\]
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • Chandrasekhar Limit Tee: 1.4 M☉

    Pouvoir
    In a white dwarf, electrons refuse to share quantum states and push back, holding the star up.
    Équation
    \[M_{\mathrm{Ch}} = \frac{\omega_3^{0}\sqrt{3\pi}}{2}\left(\frac{\hbar c}{G}\right)^{3/2}\frac{1}{(\mu_e m_H)^{2}} \approx \frac{5.8\,M_\odot}{\mu_e^{2}}\]
    Année
    1931
    Scientifique
    Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
    Domaine
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Condensa

    Pouvoir
    Below a critical temperature, a gas of bosons starts collecting in its lowest quantum state.
    Équation
    \[\frac{N_0}{N} = 1 - \left(\frac{T}{T_c}\right)^{3/2}\quad(T\le T_c)\]
    Année
    1925
    Domaine
    Quantum

  • Corekeeper

    Pouvoir
    Yukawa proposed that nucleons attract by exchanging a massive particle.
    Équation
    \[V(r) = -\frac{g^{2}}{4\pi}\frac{e^{-r/\lambda}}{r}, \qquad \lambda = \frac{\hbar}{m_\pi c}\]
    Année
    1935
    Scientifique
    Murray Gell-Mann, Richard Feynman
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • Coriolix

    Pouvoir
    In a rotating frame, moving objects appear to be pushed sideways by the Coriolis term, −2Ω × v.
    Équation
    \[\mathbf{a}' = -2\,\boldsymbol{\Omega}\times\mathbf{v}' - \boldsymbol{\Omega}\times(\boldsymbol{\Omega}\times\mathbf{r}')\]
    Année
    1835
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Cryo Fault

    Pouvoir
    Griffith showed that a crack grows when the elastic energy it releases is enough to pay for the new surface it creates.
    Équation
    \[\sigma_f = \sqrt{\frac{2E\gamma_s}{\pi a}}\]
    Année
    1921
    Scientifique
    Alan Arnold Griffith
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Heat & Entropy

  • Dark Matter Host

    Pouvoir
    When two galaxy clusters collided in the Bullet Cluster, their hot gas slammed together and stalled, but bent background light shows most of the mass sailed on with the galaxies.
    Équation
    \[v(r)^{2} = \frac{G M(r)}{r} \;\Rightarrow\; M(r) = \frac{v^{2} r}{G}\]
    Année
    1937
    Scientifique
    Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, Vera Rubin
    Domaine
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Decay Dancer

    Pouvoir
    A free neutron decays into a proton, an electron and an antineutrino, because one down quark turns into an up quark by emitting a W boson.
    Équation
    \[n \to p + e^{-} + \bar\nu_e\]
    Année
    1934
    Scientifique
    Enrico Fermi
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • Decoherex

    Pouvoir
    The off-diagonal terms in a density matrix carry the ability to interfere.
    Équation
    \[\rho_{01}(t) = \rho_{01}(0)\,e^{-t/\tau_D}\]
    Année
    1970
    Scientifique
    Wojciech Zurek
    Domaine
    Quantum

  • Diagonix

    Pouvoir
    A polarizer passes the fraction cos²θ of already-polarized light.
    Équation
    \[I = I_0\cos^2\theta\]
    Année
    1809
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • Diffraction Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    X-rays reflecting from successive planes of atoms in a crystal add up only when the extra path between planes is a whole number of wavelengths.
    Équation
    \[n\lambda = 2d\sin\theta\]
    Année
    1913
    Scientifique
    William Lawrence Bragg
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Double Pendulum Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    Two pendulums hinged together follow exactly from one Lagrangian with no randomness at all.
    Équation
    \[L = ml^2\left[\dot\theta_1^2 + \tfrac12\dot\theta_2^2 + \dot\theta_1\dot\theta_2\cos(\theta_1-\theta_2)\right] + mgl\left(2\cos\theta_1 + \cos\theta_2\right)\]
    Année
    1788
    Scientifique
    Joseph-Louis Lagrange
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Double Slit Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    Light from two slits interferes, giving bright stripes wherever the path difference is a whole number of wavelengths.
    Équation
    \[I(\theta) = I_0\cos^2\!\left(\frac{\pi d\sin\theta}{\lambda}\right)\mathrm{sinc}^2\!\left(\frac{\pi a\sin\theta}{\lambda}\right)\]
    Année
    1804
    Scientifique
    Thomas Young
    Domaine
    Quantum

  • Drum Mode Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    A drumhead fixed at its rim can only vibrate in certain shapes, each a Bessel function in radius times a cosine in angle.
    Équation
    \[\nabla^2 u = \frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2}\]
    Année
    1829
    Scientifique
    Siméon Denis Poisson
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Einstein Ring Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    A mass lying exactly between us and a distant source bends the source's light into a ring.
    Équation
    \[\beta = \theta - \frac{\theta_E^2}{\theta}\]
    Année
    1936
    Scientifique
    Albert Einstein
    Domaine
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Eventide Prophet

    Pouvoir
    Hawking showed that black holes glow faintly, with a temperature that goes down as their mass goes up.
    Équation
    \[T_H = \frac{\hbar c^{3}}{8\pi G M k_B}\]
    Année
    1975
    Scientifique
    Jacob Bekenstein, Stephen Hawking
    Domaine
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Exclusor

    Pouvoir
    Electrons are fermions, so their joint wavefunction must change sign when two are swapped.
    Équation
    \[\psi(x_1,x_2) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{vmatrix} \phi_a(x_1) & \phi_b(x_1) \\ \phi_a(x_2) & \phi_b(x_2) \end{vmatrix}\]
    Année
    1925
    Scientifique
    Wolfgang Pauli
    Domaine
    Quantum

  • Expulsieur

    Pouvoir
    A superconductor expels magnetic field from its interior, which a merely perfect conductor would not do.
    Équation
    \[\mathbf{B}_{\text{inside}} = 0\]
    Année
    1935
    Domaine
    Quantum

  • Feynman Diagram Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    When an electron and positron annihilate into a muon pair through a virtual photon, quantum electrodynamics gives the angular pattern 1 + cos²θ.
    Équation
    \[\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega} = \frac{\alpha^2}{4s}\left(1+\cos^2\theta\right)\]
    Année
    1949
    Scientifique
    Richard Feynman
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields, Quantum

  • Field Lines Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    Every electric charge produces a field pointing away from it if positive, or toward it if negative, weakening as one over distance squared.
    Équation
    \[\nabla\cdot\mathbf{E} = \frac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0}\]
    Année
    1785
    Scientifique
    Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • ForceShift

    Pouvoir
    A quantum particle facing a barrier higher than its energy has a small chance of appearing on the other side.
    Équation
    \[T \approx e^{-2\kappa L}, \qquad \kappa = \frac{\sqrt{2m(V_0 - E)}}{\hbar}\]
    Année
    1928
    Scientifique
    George Gamow
    Domaine
    Quantum

  • Foucault Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    The swing plane of a Foucault pendulum appears to turn because the floor rotates with the Earth underneath it.
    Équation
    \[\Omega = \omega_\oplus\sin\phi\]
    Année
    1851
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Graviton Whisper

    Pouvoir
    Far from strong sources, Einstein's equations reduce to a wave equation: moving masses send out ripples in spacetime that travel at the speed of light.
    Équation
    \[\Box\,\bar h_{\mu\nu} = -\frac{16\pi G}{c^{4}}\,T_{\mu\nu}\]
    Année
    1916
    Scientifique
    Matvei Bronstein, Richard Feynman
    Domaine
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Gyrolla

    Pouvoir
    A magnetic field bends a charged particle into a circle without changing its speed.
    Équation
    \[q v B = \frac{m v^2}{r} \;\Rightarrow\; r = \frac{m v}{q B}\]
    Année
    1932
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • Hadron Brawler

    Pouvoir
    The Cornell potential describes the force between a heavy quark and antiquark: Coulomb-like at short range, with an extra term that grows steadily with distance.
    Équation
    \[V(r) = -\frac{4}{3}\frac{\alpha_s \hbar c}{r} + \sigma r\]
    Année
    1975
    Scientifique
    Murray Gell-Mann
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • I Twist Space Itself

    Pouvoir
    Mass curves spacetime, so a ray of light passing the Sun follows a bent path.
    Équation
    \[\alpha = \frac{4GM}{c^{2}b}\]
    Année
    1916
    Scientifique
    Albert Einstein
    Domaine
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Interfera

    Pouvoir
    When a particle can reach the screen by two paths, you add the amplitudes before squaring them, and the cross term creates bright and dark fringes.
    Équation
    \[P = \lvert\psi_1 + \psi_2\rvert^{2} = \lvert\psi_1\rvert^{2} + \lvert\psi_2\rvert^{2} + 2\,\mathrm{Re}\!\left(\psi_1^{*}\psi_2\right)\]
    Année
    1976
    Scientifique
    Richard Feynman, Thomas Young
    Domaine
    Quantum

  • Invertia

    Pouvoir
    Temperature is defined by how entropy changes when you add energy.
    Équation
    \[\frac{1}{T} = \frac{\partial S}{\partial E} < 0\]
    Année
    1951
    Domaine
    Heat & Entropy

  • Ising Model Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    In the Ising model each spin points up or down and prefers to match its neighbours, while heat tries to scramble them.
    Équation
    \[H = -J\sum_{\langle ij\rangle} s_is_j,\qquad s_i = \pm1\]
    Année
    1944
    Scientifique
    Lars Onsager
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Heat & Entropy

  • Kepler Orbit Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    A planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times, which is angular momentum conservation, so it moves fastest when it is closest to the Sun.
    Équation
    \[\frac{dA}{dt} = \frac{L}{2m} = \text{const}\]
    Année
    1609
    Scientifique
    Johannes Kepler
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Lagrange Points Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    In a frame rotating with two orbiting bodies, gravity and the centrifugal effect combine into one effective potential.
    Équation
    \[U = -\frac{1-\mu}{r_1} - \frac{\mu}{r_2} - \frac{x^2+y^2}{2}\]
    Année
    1772
    Scientifique
    Joseph-Louis Lagrange
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Lenzor

    Pouvoir
    A changing magnetic flux induces a voltage, and the induced current always flows so as to oppose the change.
    Équation
    \[\mathcal{E} = -\frac{d\Phi_B}{dt}\]
    Année
    1834
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • Libratrix

    Pouvoir
    Two bodies orbiting each other have five points where a small third body can keep pace with them.
    Équation
    \[r_{L2} \approx R\left(\frac{M_2}{3M_1}\right)^{1/3}\]
    Année
    1772
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Light Cone Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    In spacetime, light travels along a cone that separates events you could reach or be reached from (past and future) from those you can't (elsewhere).
    Équation
    \[ds^2 = c^2dt^2 - dx^2 - dy^2 - dz^2\]
    Année
    1909
    Scientifique
    Hermann Minkowski
    Domaine
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Lissajous Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    Plotting one oscillation against another at right angles traces a Lissajous figure.
    Équation
    \[x = A\sin(3\omega t),\qquad y = B\sin(2\omega t + \pi/2)\]
    Année
    1857
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Mach Cone Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    An object moving faster than sound outruns its own sound waves, and they pile up into a cone.
    Équation
    \[\sin\mu = \frac{c}{v} = \frac{1}{M}\]
    Année
    1887
    Scientifique
    Ernst Mach
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Magnara

    Pouvoir
    A spinning ball moving through air is pushed sideways, toward the side where its surface moves with the airflow.
    Équation
    \[\mathbf{F}_M = \alpha\,\boldsymbol{\omega}\times\mathbf{v}\]
    Année
    1853
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Magnetic Dipole Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    Magnetic field lines never start or stop, because there are no magnetic charges.
    Équation
    \[\nabla\cdot\mathbf{B} = 0\]
    Année
    1865
    Scientifique
    James Clerk Maxwell
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • Magnetron Twins

    Pouvoir
    The energy of two small magnets depends on both their distance and how they are oriented relative to the line joining them.
    Équation
    \[U = -\frac{\mu_0}{4\pi r^{3}}\left[3(\vec m_1\cdot\hat r)(\vec m_2\cdot\hat r) - \vec m_1\cdot\vec m_2\right]\]
    Année
    1873
    Scientifique
    James Clerk Maxwell
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • Moderon

    Pouvoir
    A neutron loses the largest share of its energy when it hits a nucleus of about its own mass.
    Équation
    \[\alpha = \left(\frac{A-1}{A+1}\right)^2\]
    Année
    1935
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • Muonaut

    Pouvoir
    Muons made high in the atmosphere live only about two microseconds, too short to cross the atmosphere at face value.
    Équation
    \[\Delta t = \gamma\,\tau, \qquad L = \frac{L_0}{\gamma}\]
    Année
    1941
    Domaine
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Neutrina Fade

    Pouvoir
    A charged particle moving through water faster than light moves in water gives off a cone of blue Cherenkov light, at an angle set by its speed and the refractive index.
    Équation
    \[\cos\theta_C = \frac{1}{n\beta}\]
    Année
    1937
    Scientifique
    Enrico Fermi, Wolfgang Pauli
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • Nodal Lines Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    A vibrating plate obeys an equation in which its bending stiffness balances its inertia.
    Équation
    \[D\,\nabla^4 w = \rho h\,\omega^2 w,\qquad D = \frac{E h^3}{12(1-\nu^2)}\]
    Année
    1850
    Scientifique
    Ernst Chladni
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Null Beacon

    Pouvoir
    In a universe whose expansion is speeding up, there is a largest distance from which light sent today can ever reach us: about 16.7 billion light-years.
    Équation
    \[d_{\text{EH}}(t) = a(t)\int_{t}^{\infty} \frac{c\,dt^{\prime}}{a(t^{\prime})}\]
    Année
    1956
    Domaine
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Orbitick

    Pouvoir
    GPS clocks feel weaker gravity than clocks on the ground, so they run fast, and their orbital speed makes them run slightly slow.
    Équation
    \[\frac{\Delta f}{f} \approx \frac{\Delta\Phi}{c^2} - \frac{v^2}{2c^2}\]
    Année
    2003
    Domaine
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Oscillayne

    Pouvoir
    A damped oscillator driven by a periodic force responds most strongly when the drive is close to its natural frequency.
    Équation
    \[\ddot x + \gamma\dot x + \omega_0^{2}x = \frac{F_0}{m}\cos\omega t\]
    Année
    1877
    Scientifique
    Galileo Galilei, Thomas Young
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Pendulum Phase Space Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    In a pendulum's phase space, small swings trace closed loops, while fast motions go all the way over the top and keep spinning.
    Équation
    \[H = \frac{p^2}{2ml^2} - mgl\cos\theta\]
    Année
    1834
    Scientifique
    William Rowan Hamilton
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Pendulux

    Pouvoir
    A pendulum keeps swinging in a fixed plane while the Earth turns beneath it.
    Équation
    \[\omega_{\text{prec}} = \Omega_\oplus \sin\varphi\]
    Année
    1851
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Penrose Diagram Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    A Penrose diagram squeezes an infinite spacetime onto a finite page while keeping light rays at 45 degrees.
    Équation
    \[ds^2 = -\left(1-\frac{2GM}{c^2r}\right)c^2dt^2 + \frac{dr^2}{1-\frac{2GM}{c^2r}} + r^2d\Omega^2\]
    Année
    1916
    Scientifique
    Roger Penrose
    Domaine
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Photon Sphere Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    Near a black hole, gravity bends light so strongly that at one and a half times the event-horizon radius light can travel in a circle, the photon sphere.
    Équation
    \[\frac{d^2u}{d\phi^2} + u = \frac{3GM}{c^2}\,u^2,\qquad u = \frac{1}{r}\]
    Année
    1916
    Scientifique
    Karl Schwarzschild
    Domaine
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Plasma Drift

    Pouvoir
    In a plasma, electrons that are pushed aside spring back and oscillate at the plasma frequency, which depends only on how dense they are.
    Équation
    \[\omega_p = \sqrt{\frac{n_e e^{2}}{\varepsilon_0 m_e}}\]
    Année
    1929
    Scientifique
    Irving Langmuir
    Domaine
    Heat & Entropy

  • Poincaré Section Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    The Hénon–Heiles potential is a simple model of a star moving in a galaxy.
    Équation
    \[H = \tfrac12\left(p_x^2+p_y^2\right) + \tfrac12\left(x^2+y^2\right) + x^2y - \tfrac13y^3\]
    Année
    1964
    Scientifique
    Henri Poincaré
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Primordix

    Pouvoir
    In the first minutes after the Big Bang, the ratio of neutrons to protons froze out at a small fixed value.
    Équation
    \[Y_p \simeq \frac{2\,(n/p)}{1 + n/p}\]
    Année
    1966
    Domaine
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Probability Cloud Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    The electron in hydrogen does not follow an orbit.
    Équation
    \[\psi_{nlm}(r,\theta,\phi) = R_{nl}(r)\,Y_l^m(\theta,\phi)\]
    Année
    1926
    Scientifique
    Erwin Schrödinger
    Domaine
    Quantum

  • Projectile Range Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    Without air resistance, a projectile's range is v² sin 2θ / g, which is largest at 45 degrees.
    Équation
    \[R = \frac{v^2 \sin 2\theta}{g}\]
    Année
    1638
    Domaine
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • QED Vertex Tee: Alpha Near 1/137

    Pouvoir
    Every interaction between light and charged particles is built from one junction where a charged particle meets a photon.
    Équation
    \[-ie\gamma^{\mu}\]
    Année
    1949
    Scientifique
    Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • Quantum Oscillator Hoodie

    Pouvoir
    A quantum spring can only hold energy in equal steps of ħω, and its lowest level still carries half a step.
    Équation
    \[\hat H = \frac{\hat p^2}{2m} + \frac12 m\omega^2\hat x^2\]
    Année
    1925
    Scientifique
    Werner Heisenberg
    Domaine
    Quantum

  • Quarkbinders

    Pouvoir
    Baryons such as the proton are built from three quarks with three different colour charges, combined so that the whole is colourless.
    Équation
    \[\lvert B\rangle \propto \varepsilon_{ijk}\,\lvert q^{i} q^{j} q^{k}\rangle\]
    Année
    1973
    Scientifique
    Hideki Yukawa, Murray Gell-Mann, Richard Feynman
    Domaine
    Forces & Fields

  • Quavo & Lia

    Pouvoir
    In the singlet state, two spins always come out opposite when measured along the same axis, yet each one on its own is completely random.
    Équation
    \[\lvert\Psi^{-}\rangle = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\lvert\uparrow\downarrow\rangle - \lvert\downarrow\uparrow\rangle\right)\]
    Année
    1935
    Scientifique
    Albert Einstein, John Bell
    Domaine
    Quantum