Character codex

  • Airy Disk Hoodie

    Kraft
    A circular aperture can't focus light to a point; diffraction turns a point of light into a bright central disk with faint rings.
    Gleichung
    \[I(x) = I_0\left(\frac{2J_1(x)}{x}\right)^2,\qquad x = \frac{\pi D\sin\theta}{\lambda}\]
    Jahr
    1835
    Wissenschaftler:in
    George Biddell Airy
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • Arnold's Cat

    Kraft
    Each step stretches the picture in one direction and squeezes it in another, keeping its area, so the cat quickly turns to noise.
    Gleichung
    \[\Gamma:\ (x, y) \mapsto (x + y,\ x + 2y) \bmod 1\]
    Jahr
    1968
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Vladimir Arnold
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Azurwake

    Kraft
    A charged particle moving through a medium faster than light travels in that medium emits light in a cone, like a sonic boom.
    Gleichung
    \[\cos\theta = \frac{1}{n\beta}, \qquad \beta > \frac{1}{n}\]
    Jahr
    1937
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • Beats Hoodie

    Kraft
    Two tones with nearly equal frequencies add up to a single tone at their average frequency whose loudness swells and fades.
    Gleichung
    \[x = \cos(2\pi f_1 t)+\cos(2\pi f_2 t) = 2\cos(\pi\Delta f\, t)\cos(2\pi\bar f\, t)\]
    Jahr
    1863
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Bifurcation Hoodie

    Kraft
    The logistic map is a single line of arithmetic, yet as r increases its long-term value splits into 2, 4, 8 values and then becomes chaotic.
    Gleichung
    \[x_{n+1} = r\,x_n(1-x_n)\]
    Jahr
    1976
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Mitchell Feigenbaum
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Bifurcor

    Kraft
    A magnetic field that changes with height pushes on an atom's magnetic moment.
    Gleichung
    \[F_z = \mu_z\,\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial z}\]
    Jahr
    1922
    Gebiet
    Quantum

  • Blackbody Hoodie

    Kraft
    Planck's law gives how bright a blackbody shines at each wavelength for a given temperature.
    Gleichung
    \[B_\lambda(T) = \frac{2hc^2}{\lambda^5}\,\frac{1}{e^{hc/\lambda k_BT} - 1}\]
    Jahr
    1901
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Max Planck
    Gebiet
    Heat & Entropy

  • Bose-Einstein Condensate 1995 Tee

    Kraft
    Cool atoms until their quantum waves are as wide as the spaces between them, and thousands of them fall into the same lowest-energy state and act as one.
    Gleichung
    \[\lambda_{\mathrm{dB}} = \frac{h}{\sqrt{2\pi m k_B T}}\]
    Jahr
    1995
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman, Wolfgang Ketterle
    Gebiet
    Quantum

  • Brachistochrone Hoodie

    Kraft
    The fastest slide between two points under gravity is not a straight line but a cycloid, the curve traced by a point on a rolling wheel.
    Gleichung
    \[x = R(\theta - \sin\theta),\qquad y = R(1 - \cos\theta)\]
    Jahr
    1696
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Bremsella

    Kraft
    Any accelerating charge radiates.
    Gleichung
    \[P = \frac{q^2 a^2}{6\pi\varepsilon_0 c^3}\]
    Jahr
    1897
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • Brownian Motion Hoodie

    Kraft
    A pollen grain in water is knocked around by countless molecules, so it wanders randomly with no memory of its previous step.
    Gleichung
    \[\langle r^2\rangle = 4Dt\quad\text{(2D)}\]
    Jahr
    1905
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Albert Einstein
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Heat & Entropy

  • Casimira

    Kraft
    Quantum vacuum fluctuations between two close, parallel, uncharged metal plates are restricted, so the plates are pulled together.
    Gleichung
    \[\frac{F}{A} = -\frac{\pi^2\hbar c}{240\,d^4}\]
    Jahr
    1948
    Gebiet
    Quantum

  • Catenary Hoodie

    Kraft
    A chain hanging freely under its own weight takes the shape of a hyperbolic cosine, the catenary.
    Gleichung
    \[y = a\cosh(x/a)\]
    Jahr
    1691
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Caustic Hoodie

    Kraft
    Light reflecting off the inside of a cup gathers along a bright curve, a caustic, where many reflected rays bunch together.
    Gleichung
    \[x = \tfrac{R}{4}\left(3\cos t-\cos 3t\right)\]
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • Chandrasekhar Limit Tee: 1.4 M☉

    Kraft
    In a white dwarf, electrons refuse to share quantum states and push back, holding the star up.
    Gleichung
    \[M_{\mathrm{Ch}} = \frac{\omega_3^{0}\sqrt{3\pi}}{2}\left(\frac{\hbar c}{G}\right)^{3/2}\frac{1}{(\mu_e m_H)^{2}} \approx \frac{5.8\,M_\odot}{\mu_e^{2}}\]
    Jahr
    1931
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
    Gebiet
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Condensa

    Kraft
    Below a critical temperature, a gas of bosons starts collecting in its lowest quantum state.
    Gleichung
    \[\frac{N_0}{N} = 1 - \left(\frac{T}{T_c}\right)^{3/2}\quad(T\le T_c)\]
    Jahr
    1925
    Gebiet
    Quantum

  • Corekeeper

    Kraft
    Yukawa proposed that nucleons attract by exchanging a massive particle.
    Gleichung
    \[V(r) = -\frac{g^{2}}{4\pi}\frac{e^{-r/\lambda}}{r}, \qquad \lambda = \frac{\hbar}{m_\pi c}\]
    Jahr
    1935
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Murray Gell-Mann, Richard Feynman
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • Coriolix

    Kraft
    In a rotating frame, moving objects appear to be pushed sideways by the Coriolis term, −2Ω × v.
    Gleichung
    \[\mathbf{a}' = -2\,\boldsymbol{\Omega}\times\mathbf{v}' - \boldsymbol{\Omega}\times(\boldsymbol{\Omega}\times\mathbf{r}')\]
    Jahr
    1835
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Cryo Fault

    Kraft
    Griffith showed that a crack grows when the elastic energy it releases is enough to pay for the new surface it creates.
    Gleichung
    \[\sigma_f = \sqrt{\frac{2E\gamma_s}{\pi a}}\]
    Jahr
    1921
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Alan Arnold Griffith
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Heat & Entropy

  • Dark Matter Host

    Kraft
    When two galaxy clusters collided in the Bullet Cluster, their hot gas slammed together and stalled, but bent background light shows most of the mass sailed on with the galaxies.
    Gleichung
    \[v(r)^{2} = \frac{G M(r)}{r} \;\Rightarrow\; M(r) = \frac{v^{2} r}{G}\]
    Jahr
    1937
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, Vera Rubin
    Gebiet
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Decay Dancer

    Kraft
    A free neutron decays into a proton, an electron and an antineutrino, because one down quark turns into an up quark by emitting a W boson.
    Gleichung
    \[n \to p + e^{-} + \bar\nu_e\]
    Jahr
    1934
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Enrico Fermi
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • Decoherex

    Kraft
    The off-diagonal terms in a density matrix carry the ability to interfere.
    Gleichung
    \[\rho_{01}(t) = \rho_{01}(0)\,e^{-t/\tau_D}\]
    Jahr
    1970
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Wojciech Zurek
    Gebiet
    Quantum

  • Diagonix

    Kraft
    A polarizer passes the fraction cos²θ of already-polarized light.
    Gleichung
    \[I = I_0\cos^2\theta\]
    Jahr
    1809
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • Diffraction Hoodie

    Kraft
    X-rays reflecting from successive planes of atoms in a crystal add up only when the extra path between planes is a whole number of wavelengths.
    Gleichung
    \[n\lambda = 2d\sin\theta\]
    Jahr
    1913
    Wissenschaftler:in
    William Lawrence Bragg
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Double Pendulum Hoodie

    Kraft
    Two pendulums hinged together follow exactly from one Lagrangian with no randomness at all.
    Gleichung
    \[L = ml^2\left[\dot\theta_1^2 + \tfrac12\dot\theta_2^2 + \dot\theta_1\dot\theta_2\cos(\theta_1-\theta_2)\right] + mgl\left(2\cos\theta_1 + \cos\theta_2\right)\]
    Jahr
    1788
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Joseph-Louis Lagrange
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Double Slit Hoodie

    Kraft
    Light from two slits interferes, giving bright stripes wherever the path difference is a whole number of wavelengths.
    Gleichung
    \[I(\theta) = I_0\cos^2\!\left(\frac{\pi d\sin\theta}{\lambda}\right)\mathrm{sinc}^2\!\left(\frac{\pi a\sin\theta}{\lambda}\right)\]
    Jahr
    1804
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Thomas Young
    Gebiet
    Quantum

  • Drum Mode Hoodie

    Kraft
    A drumhead fixed at its rim can only vibrate in certain shapes, each a Bessel function in radius times a cosine in angle.
    Gleichung
    \[\nabla^2 u = \frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2}\]
    Jahr
    1829
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Siméon Denis Poisson
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Einstein Ring Hoodie

    Kraft
    A mass lying exactly between us and a distant source bends the source's light into a ring.
    Gleichung
    \[\beta = \theta - \frac{\theta_E^2}{\theta}\]
    Jahr
    1936
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Albert Einstein
    Gebiet
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Eventide Prophet

    Kraft
    Hawking showed that black holes glow faintly, with a temperature that goes down as their mass goes up.
    Gleichung
    \[T_H = \frac{\hbar c^{3}}{8\pi G M k_B}\]
    Jahr
    1975
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Jacob Bekenstein, Stephen Hawking
    Gebiet
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Exclusor

    Kraft
    Electrons are fermions, so their joint wavefunction must change sign when two are swapped.
    Gleichung
    \[\psi(x_1,x_2) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{vmatrix} \phi_a(x_1) & \phi_b(x_1) \\ \phi_a(x_2) & \phi_b(x_2) \end{vmatrix}\]
    Jahr
    1925
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Wolfgang Pauli
    Gebiet
    Quantum

  • Expulsieur

    Kraft
    A superconductor expels magnetic field from its interior, which a merely perfect conductor would not do.
    Gleichung
    \[\mathbf{B}_{\text{inside}} = 0\]
    Jahr
    1935
    Gebiet
    Quantum

  • Feynman Diagram Hoodie

    Kraft
    When an electron and positron annihilate into a muon pair through a virtual photon, quantum electrodynamics gives the angular pattern 1 + cos²θ.
    Gleichung
    \[\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega} = \frac{\alpha^2}{4s}\left(1+\cos^2\theta\right)\]
    Jahr
    1949
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Richard Feynman
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields, Quantum

  • Field Lines Hoodie

    Kraft
    Every electric charge produces a field pointing away from it if positive, or toward it if negative, weakening as one over distance squared.
    Gleichung
    \[\nabla\cdot\mathbf{E} = \frac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0}\]
    Jahr
    1785
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • ForceShift

    Kraft
    A quantum particle facing a barrier higher than its energy has a small chance of appearing on the other side.
    Gleichung
    \[T \approx e^{-2\kappa L}, \qquad \kappa = \frac{\sqrt{2m(V_0 - E)}}{\hbar}\]
    Jahr
    1928
    Wissenschaftler:in
    George Gamow
    Gebiet
    Quantum

  • Foucault Hoodie

    Kraft
    The swing plane of a Foucault pendulum appears to turn because the floor rotates with the Earth underneath it.
    Gleichung
    \[\Omega = \omega_\oplus\sin\phi\]
    Jahr
    1851
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Graviton Whisper

    Kraft
    Far from strong sources, Einstein's equations reduce to a wave equation: moving masses send out ripples in spacetime that travel at the speed of light.
    Gleichung
    \[\Box\,\bar h_{\mu\nu} = -\frac{16\pi G}{c^{4}}\,T_{\mu\nu}\]
    Jahr
    1916
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Matvei Bronstein, Richard Feynman
    Gebiet
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Gyrolla

    Kraft
    A magnetic field bends a charged particle into a circle without changing its speed.
    Gleichung
    \[q v B = \frac{m v^2}{r} \;\Rightarrow\; r = \frac{m v}{q B}\]
    Jahr
    1932
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • Hadron Brawler

    Kraft
    The Cornell potential describes the force between a heavy quark and antiquark: Coulomb-like at short range, with an extra term that grows steadily with distance.
    Gleichung
    \[V(r) = -\frac{4}{3}\frac{\alpha_s \hbar c}{r} + \sigma r\]
    Jahr
    1975
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Murray Gell-Mann
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • I Twist Space Itself

    Kraft
    Mass curves spacetime, so a ray of light passing the Sun follows a bent path.
    Gleichung
    \[\alpha = \frac{4GM}{c^{2}b}\]
    Jahr
    1916
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Albert Einstein
    Gebiet
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Interfera

    Kraft
    When a particle can reach the screen by two paths, you add the amplitudes before squaring them, and the cross term creates bright and dark fringes.
    Gleichung
    \[P = \lvert\psi_1 + \psi_2\rvert^{2} = \lvert\psi_1\rvert^{2} + \lvert\psi_2\rvert^{2} + 2\,\mathrm{Re}\!\left(\psi_1^{*}\psi_2\right)\]
    Jahr
    1976
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Richard Feynman, Thomas Young
    Gebiet
    Quantum

  • Invertia

    Kraft
    Temperature is defined by how entropy changes when you add energy.
    Gleichung
    \[\frac{1}{T} = \frac{\partial S}{\partial E} < 0\]
    Jahr
    1951
    Gebiet
    Heat & Entropy

  • Ising Model Hoodie

    Kraft
    In the Ising model each spin points up or down and prefers to match its neighbours, while heat tries to scramble them.
    Gleichung
    \[H = -J\sum_{\langle ij\rangle} s_is_j,\qquad s_i = \pm1\]
    Jahr
    1944
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Lars Onsager
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Heat & Entropy

  • Kepler Orbit Hoodie

    Kraft
    A planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times, which is angular momentum conservation, so it moves fastest when it is closest to the Sun.
    Gleichung
    \[\frac{dA}{dt} = \frac{L}{2m} = \text{const}\]
    Jahr
    1609
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Johannes Kepler
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Lagrange Points Hoodie

    Kraft
    In a frame rotating with two orbiting bodies, gravity and the centrifugal effect combine into one effective potential.
    Gleichung
    \[U = -\frac{1-\mu}{r_1} - \frac{\mu}{r_2} - \frac{x^2+y^2}{2}\]
    Jahr
    1772
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Joseph-Louis Lagrange
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Lenzor

    Kraft
    A changing magnetic flux induces a voltage, and the induced current always flows so as to oppose the change.
    Gleichung
    \[\mathcal{E} = -\frac{d\Phi_B}{dt}\]
    Jahr
    1834
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • Libratrix

    Kraft
    Two bodies orbiting each other have five points where a small third body can keep pace with them.
    Gleichung
    \[r_{L2} \approx R\left(\frac{M_2}{3M_1}\right)^{1/3}\]
    Jahr
    1772
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Light Cone Hoodie

    Kraft
    In spacetime, light travels along a cone that separates events you could reach or be reached from (past and future) from those you can't (elsewhere).
    Gleichung
    \[ds^2 = c^2dt^2 - dx^2 - dy^2 - dz^2\]
    Jahr
    1909
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Hermann Minkowski
    Gebiet
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Lissajous Hoodie

    Kraft
    Plotting one oscillation against another at right angles traces a Lissajous figure.
    Gleichung
    \[x = A\sin(3\omega t),\qquad y = B\sin(2\omega t + \pi/2)\]
    Jahr
    1857
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Mach Cone Hoodie

    Kraft
    An object moving faster than sound outruns its own sound waves, and they pile up into a cone.
    Gleichung
    \[\sin\mu = \frac{c}{v} = \frac{1}{M}\]
    Jahr
    1887
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Ernst Mach
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Magnara

    Kraft
    A spinning ball moving through air is pushed sideways, toward the side where its surface moves with the airflow.
    Gleichung
    \[\mathbf{F}_M = \alpha\,\boldsymbol{\omega}\times\mathbf{v}\]
    Jahr
    1853
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Magnetic Dipole Hoodie

    Kraft
    Magnetic field lines never start or stop, because there are no magnetic charges.
    Gleichung
    \[\nabla\cdot\mathbf{B} = 0\]
    Jahr
    1865
    Wissenschaftler:in
    James Clerk Maxwell
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • Magnetron Twins

    Kraft
    The energy of two small magnets depends on both their distance and how they are oriented relative to the line joining them.
    Gleichung
    \[U = -\frac{\mu_0}{4\pi r^{3}}\left[3(\vec m_1\cdot\hat r)(\vec m_2\cdot\hat r) - \vec m_1\cdot\vec m_2\right]\]
    Jahr
    1873
    Wissenschaftler:in
    James Clerk Maxwell
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • Moderon

    Kraft
    A neutron loses the largest share of its energy when it hits a nucleus of about its own mass.
    Gleichung
    \[\alpha = \left(\frac{A-1}{A+1}\right)^2\]
    Jahr
    1935
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • Muonaut

    Kraft
    Muons made high in the atmosphere live only about two microseconds, too short to cross the atmosphere at face value.
    Gleichung
    \[\Delta t = \gamma\,\tau, \qquad L = \frac{L_0}{\gamma}\]
    Jahr
    1941
    Gebiet
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Neutrina Fade

    Kraft
    A charged particle moving through water faster than light moves in water gives off a cone of blue Cherenkov light, at an angle set by its speed and the refractive index.
    Gleichung
    \[\cos\theta_C = \frac{1}{n\beta}\]
    Jahr
    1937
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Enrico Fermi, Wolfgang Pauli
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • Nodal Lines Hoodie

    Kraft
    A vibrating plate obeys an equation in which its bending stiffness balances its inertia.
    Gleichung
    \[D\,\nabla^4 w = \rho h\,\omega^2 w,\qquad D = \frac{E h^3}{12(1-\nu^2)}\]
    Jahr
    1850
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Ernst Chladni
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Null Beacon

    Kraft
    In a universe whose expansion is speeding up, there is a largest distance from which light sent today can ever reach us: about 16.7 billion light-years.
    Gleichung
    \[d_{\text{EH}}(t) = a(t)\int_{t}^{\infty} \frac{c\,dt^{\prime}}{a(t^{\prime})}\]
    Jahr
    1956
    Gebiet
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Orbitick

    Kraft
    GPS clocks feel weaker gravity than clocks on the ground, so they run fast, and their orbital speed makes them run slightly slow.
    Gleichung
    \[\frac{\Delta f}{f} \approx \frac{\Delta\Phi}{c^2} - \frac{v^2}{2c^2}\]
    Jahr
    2003
    Gebiet
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Oscillayne

    Kraft
    A damped oscillator driven by a periodic force responds most strongly when the drive is close to its natural frequency.
    Gleichung
    \[\ddot x + \gamma\dot x + \omega_0^{2}x = \frac{F_0}{m}\cos\omega t\]
    Jahr
    1877
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Galileo Galilei, Thomas Young
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Pendulum Phase Space Hoodie

    Kraft
    In a pendulum's phase space, small swings trace closed loops, while fast motions go all the way over the top and keep spinning.
    Gleichung
    \[H = \frac{p^2}{2ml^2} - mgl\cos\theta\]
    Jahr
    1834
    Wissenschaftler:in
    William Rowan Hamilton
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Pendulux

    Kraft
    A pendulum keeps swinging in a fixed plane while the Earth turns beneath it.
    Gleichung
    \[\omega_{\text{prec}} = \Omega_\oplus \sin\varphi\]
    Jahr
    1851
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Penrose Diagram Hoodie

    Kraft
    A Penrose diagram squeezes an infinite spacetime onto a finite page while keeping light rays at 45 degrees.
    Gleichung
    \[ds^2 = -\left(1-\frac{2GM}{c^2r}\right)c^2dt^2 + \frac{dr^2}{1-\frac{2GM}{c^2r}} + r^2d\Omega^2\]
    Jahr
    1916
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Roger Penrose
    Gebiet
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Photon Sphere Hoodie

    Kraft
    Near a black hole, gravity bends light so strongly that at one and a half times the event-horizon radius light can travel in a circle, the photon sphere.
    Gleichung
    \[\frac{d^2u}{d\phi^2} + u = \frac{3GM}{c^2}\,u^2,\qquad u = \frac{1}{r}\]
    Jahr
    1916
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Karl Schwarzschild
    Gebiet
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Plasma Drift

    Kraft
    In a plasma, electrons that are pushed aside spring back and oscillate at the plasma frequency, which depends only on how dense they are.
    Gleichung
    \[\omega_p = \sqrt{\frac{n_e e^{2}}{\varepsilon_0 m_e}}\]
    Jahr
    1929
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Irving Langmuir
    Gebiet
    Heat & Entropy

  • Poincaré Section Hoodie

    Kraft
    The Hénon–Heiles potential is a simple model of a star moving in a galaxy.
    Gleichung
    \[H = \tfrac12\left(p_x^2+p_y^2\right) + \tfrac12\left(x^2+y^2\right) + x^2y - \tfrac13y^3\]
    Jahr
    1964
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Henri Poincaré
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Primordix

    Kraft
    In the first minutes after the Big Bang, the ratio of neutrons to protons froze out at a small fixed value.
    Gleichung
    \[Y_p \simeq \frac{2\,(n/p)}{1 + n/p}\]
    Jahr
    1966
    Gebiet
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Probability Cloud Hoodie

    Kraft
    The electron in hydrogen does not follow an orbit.
    Gleichung
    \[\psi_{nlm}(r,\theta,\phi) = R_{nl}(r)\,Y_l^m(\theta,\phi)\]
    Jahr
    1926
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Erwin Schrödinger
    Gebiet
    Quantum

  • Projectile Range Hoodie

    Kraft
    Without air resistance, a projectile's range is v² sin 2θ / g, which is largest at 45 degrees.
    Gleichung
    \[R = \frac{v^2 \sin 2\theta}{g}\]
    Jahr
    1638
    Gebiet
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • QED Vertex Tee: Alpha Near 1/137

    Kraft
    Every interaction between light and charged particles is built from one junction where a charged particle meets a photon.
    Gleichung
    \[-ie\gamma^{\mu}\]
    Jahr
    1949
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • Quantum Oscillator Hoodie

    Kraft
    A quantum spring can only hold energy in equal steps of ħω, and its lowest level still carries half a step.
    Gleichung
    \[\hat H = \frac{\hat p^2}{2m} + \frac12 m\omega^2\hat x^2\]
    Jahr
    1925
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Werner Heisenberg
    Gebiet
    Quantum

  • Quarkbinders

    Kraft
    Baryons such as the proton are built from three quarks with three different colour charges, combined so that the whole is colourless.
    Gleichung
    \[\lvert B\rangle \propto \varepsilon_{ijk}\,\lvert q^{i} q^{j} q^{k}\rangle\]
    Jahr
    1973
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Hideki Yukawa, Murray Gell-Mann, Richard Feynman
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields

  • Quavo & Lia

    Kraft
    In the singlet state, two spins always come out opposite when measured along the same axis, yet each one on its own is completely random.
    Gleichung
    \[\lvert\Psi^{-}\rangle = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\lvert\uparrow\downarrow\rangle - \lvert\downarrow\uparrow\rangle\right)\]
    Jahr
    1935
    Wissenschaftler:in
    Albert Einstein, John Bell
    Gebiet
    Quantum

  • Reflexia

    Kraft
    The CHSH combination S adds up correlations measured with two settings on each side.
    Gleichung
    \[S = E(a,b) - E(a,b^{\prime}) + E(a^{\prime},b) + E(a^{\prime},b^{\prime})\]
    Jahr
    1969
    Wissenschaftler:in
    John Bell
    Gebiet
    Quantum

  • Refracta

    Kraft
    Light takes the path between two points that takes the least time.
    Gleichung
    \[\frac{\sin\theta_1}{v_1} = \frac{\sin\theta_2}{v_2}\]
    Jahr
    1662
    Gebiet
    Forces & Fields