Character codex

  • Airy Disk Hoodie

    Potere
    A circular aperture can't focus light to a point; diffraction turns a point of light into a bright central disk with faint rings.
    Equazione
    \[I(x) = I_0\left(\frac{2J_1(x)}{x}\right)^2,\qquad x = \frac{\pi D\sin\theta}{\lambda}\]
    Anno
    1835
    Scienziato/a
    George Biddell Airy
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • Arnold's Cat

    Potere
    Each step stretches the picture in one direction and squeezes it in another, keeping its area, so the cat quickly turns to noise.
    Equazione
    \[\Gamma:\ (x, y) \mapsto (x + y,\ x + 2y) \bmod 1\]
    Anno
    1968
    Scienziato/a
    Vladimir Arnold
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Azurwake

    Potere
    A charged particle moving through a medium faster than light travels in that medium emits light in a cone, like a sonic boom.
    Equazione
    \[\cos\theta = \frac{1}{n\beta}, \qquad \beta > \frac{1}{n}\]
    Anno
    1937
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • Beats Hoodie

    Potere
    Two tones with nearly equal frequencies add up to a single tone at their average frequency whose loudness swells and fades.
    Equazione
    \[x = \cos(2\pi f_1 t)+\cos(2\pi f_2 t) = 2\cos(\pi\Delta f\, t)\cos(2\pi\bar f\, t)\]
    Anno
    1863
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Bifurcation Hoodie

    Potere
    The logistic map is a single line of arithmetic, yet as r increases its long-term value splits into 2, 4, 8 values and then becomes chaotic.
    Equazione
    \[x_{n+1} = r\,x_n(1-x_n)\]
    Anno
    1976
    Scienziato/a
    Mitchell Feigenbaum
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Bifurcor

    Potere
    A magnetic field that changes with height pushes on an atom's magnetic moment.
    Equazione
    \[F_z = \mu_z\,\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial z}\]
    Anno
    1922
    Ambito
    Quantum

  • Blackbody Hoodie

    Potere
    Planck's law gives how bright a blackbody shines at each wavelength for a given temperature.
    Equazione
    \[B_\lambda(T) = \frac{2hc^2}{\lambda^5}\,\frac{1}{e^{hc/\lambda k_BT} - 1}\]
    Anno
    1901
    Scienziato/a
    Max Planck
    Ambito
    Heat & Entropy

  • Bose-Einstein Condensate 1995 Tee

    Potere
    Cool atoms until their quantum waves are as wide as the spaces between them, and thousands of them fall into the same lowest-energy state and act as one.
    Equazione
    \[\lambda_{\mathrm{dB}} = \frac{h}{\sqrt{2\pi m k_B T}}\]
    Anno
    1995
    Scienziato/a
    Eric Cornell, Carl Wieman, Wolfgang Ketterle
    Ambito
    Quantum

  • Brachistochrone Hoodie

    Potere
    The fastest slide between two points under gravity is not a straight line but a cycloid, the curve traced by a point on a rolling wheel.
    Equazione
    \[x = R(\theta - \sin\theta),\qquad y = R(1 - \cos\theta)\]
    Anno
    1696
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Bremsella

    Potere
    Any accelerating charge radiates.
    Equazione
    \[P = \frac{q^2 a^2}{6\pi\varepsilon_0 c^3}\]
    Anno
    1897
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • Brownian Motion Hoodie

    Potere
    A pollen grain in water is knocked around by countless molecules, so it wanders randomly with no memory of its previous step.
    Equazione
    \[\langle r^2\rangle = 4Dt\quad\text{(2D)}\]
    Anno
    1905
    Scienziato/a
    Albert Einstein
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Heat & Entropy

  • Casimira

    Potere
    Quantum vacuum fluctuations between two close, parallel, uncharged metal plates are restricted, so the plates are pulled together.
    Equazione
    \[\frac{F}{A} = -\frac{\pi^2\hbar c}{240\,d^4}\]
    Anno
    1948
    Ambito
    Quantum

  • Catenary Hoodie

    Potere
    A chain hanging freely under its own weight takes the shape of a hyperbolic cosine, the catenary.
    Equazione
    \[y = a\cosh(x/a)\]
    Anno
    1691
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Caustic Hoodie

    Potere
    Light reflecting off the inside of a cup gathers along a bright curve, a caustic, where many reflected rays bunch together.
    Equazione
    \[x = \tfrac{R}{4}\left(3\cos t-\cos 3t\right)\]
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • Chandrasekhar Limit Tee: 1.4 M☉

    Potere
    In a white dwarf, electrons refuse to share quantum states and push back, holding the star up.
    Equazione
    \[M_{\mathrm{Ch}} = \frac{\omega_3^{0}\sqrt{3\pi}}{2}\left(\frac{\hbar c}{G}\right)^{3/2}\frac{1}{(\mu_e m_H)^{2}} \approx \frac{5.8\,M_\odot}{\mu_e^{2}}\]
    Anno
    1931
    Scienziato/a
    Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
    Ambito
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Condensa

    Potere
    Below a critical temperature, a gas of bosons starts collecting in its lowest quantum state.
    Equazione
    \[\frac{N_0}{N} = 1 - \left(\frac{T}{T_c}\right)^{3/2}\quad(T\le T_c)\]
    Anno
    1925
    Ambito
    Quantum

  • Corekeeper

    Potere
    Yukawa proposed that nucleons attract by exchanging a massive particle.
    Equazione
    \[V(r) = -\frac{g^{2}}{4\pi}\frac{e^{-r/\lambda}}{r}, \qquad \lambda = \frac{\hbar}{m_\pi c}\]
    Anno
    1935
    Scienziato/a
    Murray Gell-Mann, Richard Feynman
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • Coriolix

    Potere
    In a rotating frame, moving objects appear to be pushed sideways by the Coriolis term, −2Ω × v.
    Equazione
    \[\mathbf{a}' = -2\,\boldsymbol{\Omega}\times\mathbf{v}' - \boldsymbol{\Omega}\times(\boldsymbol{\Omega}\times\mathbf{r}')\]
    Anno
    1835
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Cryo Fault

    Potere
    Griffith showed that a crack grows when the elastic energy it releases is enough to pay for the new surface it creates.
    Equazione
    \[\sigma_f = \sqrt{\frac{2E\gamma_s}{\pi a}}\]
    Anno
    1921
    Scienziato/a
    Alan Arnold Griffith
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Heat & Entropy

  • Dark Matter Host

    Potere
    When two galaxy clusters collided in the Bullet Cluster, their hot gas slammed together and stalled, but bent background light shows most of the mass sailed on with the galaxies.
    Equazione
    \[v(r)^{2} = \frac{G M(r)}{r} \;\Rightarrow\; M(r) = \frac{v^{2} r}{G}\]
    Anno
    1937
    Scienziato/a
    Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, Vera Rubin
    Ambito
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Decay Dancer

    Potere
    A free neutron decays into a proton, an electron and an antineutrino, because one down quark turns into an up quark by emitting a W boson.
    Equazione
    \[n \to p + e^{-} + \bar\nu_e\]
    Anno
    1934
    Scienziato/a
    Enrico Fermi
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • Decoherex

    Potere
    The off-diagonal terms in a density matrix carry the ability to interfere.
    Equazione
    \[\rho_{01}(t) = \rho_{01}(0)\,e^{-t/\tau_D}\]
    Anno
    1970
    Scienziato/a
    Wojciech Zurek
    Ambito
    Quantum

  • Diagonix

    Potere
    A polarizer passes the fraction cos²θ of already-polarized light.
    Equazione
    \[I = I_0\cos^2\theta\]
    Anno
    1809
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • Diffraction Hoodie

    Potere
    X-rays reflecting from successive planes of atoms in a crystal add up only when the extra path between planes is a whole number of wavelengths.
    Equazione
    \[n\lambda = 2d\sin\theta\]
    Anno
    1913
    Scienziato/a
    William Lawrence Bragg
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Double Pendulum Hoodie

    Potere
    Two pendulums hinged together follow exactly from one Lagrangian with no randomness at all.
    Equazione
    \[L = ml^2\left[\dot\theta_1^2 + \tfrac12\dot\theta_2^2 + \dot\theta_1\dot\theta_2\cos(\theta_1-\theta_2)\right] + mgl\left(2\cos\theta_1 + \cos\theta_2\right)\]
    Anno
    1788
    Scienziato/a
    Joseph-Louis Lagrange
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Double Slit Hoodie

    Potere
    Light from two slits interferes, giving bright stripes wherever the path difference is a whole number of wavelengths.
    Equazione
    \[I(\theta) = I_0\cos^2\!\left(\frac{\pi d\sin\theta}{\lambda}\right)\mathrm{sinc}^2\!\left(\frac{\pi a\sin\theta}{\lambda}\right)\]
    Anno
    1804
    Scienziato/a
    Thomas Young
    Ambito
    Quantum

  • Drum Mode Hoodie

    Potere
    A drumhead fixed at its rim can only vibrate in certain shapes, each a Bessel function in radius times a cosine in angle.
    Equazione
    \[\nabla^2 u = \frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial^2 u}{\partial t^2}\]
    Anno
    1829
    Scienziato/a
    Siméon Denis Poisson
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Einstein Ring Hoodie

    Potere
    A mass lying exactly between us and a distant source bends the source's light into a ring.
    Equazione
    \[\beta = \theta - \frac{\theta_E^2}{\theta}\]
    Anno
    1936
    Scienziato/a
    Albert Einstein
    Ambito
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Eventide Prophet

    Potere
    Hawking showed that black holes glow faintly, with a temperature that goes down as their mass goes up.
    Equazione
    \[T_H = \frac{\hbar c^{3}}{8\pi G M k_B}\]
    Anno
    1975
    Scienziato/a
    Jacob Bekenstein, Stephen Hawking
    Ambito
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Exclusor

    Potere
    Electrons are fermions, so their joint wavefunction must change sign when two are swapped.
    Equazione
    \[\psi(x_1,x_2) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{vmatrix} \phi_a(x_1) & \phi_b(x_1) \\ \phi_a(x_2) & \phi_b(x_2) \end{vmatrix}\]
    Anno
    1925
    Scienziato/a
    Wolfgang Pauli
    Ambito
    Quantum

  • Expulsieur

    Potere
    A superconductor expels magnetic field from its interior, which a merely perfect conductor would not do.
    Equazione
    \[\mathbf{B}_{\text{inside}} = 0\]
    Anno
    1935
    Ambito
    Quantum

  • Feynman Diagram Hoodie

    Potere
    When an electron and positron annihilate into a muon pair through a virtual photon, quantum electrodynamics gives the angular pattern 1 + cos²θ.
    Equazione
    \[\frac{d\sigma}{d\Omega} = \frac{\alpha^2}{4s}\left(1+\cos^2\theta\right)\]
    Anno
    1949
    Scienziato/a
    Richard Feynman
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields, Quantum

  • Field Lines Hoodie

    Potere
    Every electric charge produces a field pointing away from it if positive, or toward it if negative, weakening as one over distance squared.
    Equazione
    \[\nabla\cdot\mathbf{E} = \frac{\rho}{\varepsilon_0}\]
    Anno
    1785
    Scienziato/a
    Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • ForceShift

    Potere
    A quantum particle facing a barrier higher than its energy has a small chance of appearing on the other side.
    Equazione
    \[T \approx e^{-2\kappa L}, \qquad \kappa = \frac{\sqrt{2m(V_0 - E)}}{\hbar}\]
    Anno
    1928
    Scienziato/a
    George Gamow
    Ambito
    Quantum

  • Foucault Hoodie

    Potere
    The swing plane of a Foucault pendulum appears to turn because the floor rotates with the Earth underneath it.
    Equazione
    \[\Omega = \omega_\oplus\sin\phi\]
    Anno
    1851
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Graviton Whisper

    Potere
    Far from strong sources, Einstein's equations reduce to a wave equation: moving masses send out ripples in spacetime that travel at the speed of light.
    Equazione
    \[\Box\,\bar h_{\mu\nu} = -\frac{16\pi G}{c^{4}}\,T_{\mu\nu}\]
    Anno
    1916
    Scienziato/a
    Matvei Bronstein, Richard Feynman
    Ambito
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Gyrolla

    Potere
    A magnetic field bends a charged particle into a circle without changing its speed.
    Equazione
    \[q v B = \frac{m v^2}{r} \;\Rightarrow\; r = \frac{m v}{q B}\]
    Anno
    1932
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • Hadron Brawler

    Potere
    The Cornell potential describes the force between a heavy quark and antiquark: Coulomb-like at short range, with an extra term that grows steadily with distance.
    Equazione
    \[V(r) = -\frac{4}{3}\frac{\alpha_s \hbar c}{r} + \sigma r\]
    Anno
    1975
    Scienziato/a
    Murray Gell-Mann
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • I Twist Space Itself

    Potere
    Mass curves spacetime, so a ray of light passing the Sun follows a bent path.
    Equazione
    \[\alpha = \frac{4GM}{c^{2}b}\]
    Anno
    1916
    Scienziato/a
    Albert Einstein
    Ambito
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Interfera

    Potere
    When a particle can reach the screen by two paths, you add the amplitudes before squaring them, and the cross term creates bright and dark fringes.
    Equazione
    \[P = \lvert\psi_1 + \psi_2\rvert^{2} = \lvert\psi_1\rvert^{2} + \lvert\psi_2\rvert^{2} + 2\,\mathrm{Re}\!\left(\psi_1^{*}\psi_2\right)\]
    Anno
    1976
    Scienziato/a
    Richard Feynman, Thomas Young
    Ambito
    Quantum

  • Invertia

    Potere
    Temperature is defined by how entropy changes when you add energy.
    Equazione
    \[\frac{1}{T} = \frac{\partial S}{\partial E} < 0\]
    Anno
    1951
    Ambito
    Heat & Entropy

  • Ising Model Hoodie

    Potere
    In the Ising model each spin points up or down and prefers to match its neighbours, while heat tries to scramble them.
    Equazione
    \[H = -J\sum_{\langle ij\rangle} s_is_j,\qquad s_i = \pm1\]
    Anno
    1944
    Scienziato/a
    Lars Onsager
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Heat & Entropy

  • Kepler Orbit Hoodie

    Potere
    A planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times, which is angular momentum conservation, so it moves fastest when it is closest to the Sun.
    Equazione
    \[\frac{dA}{dt} = \frac{L}{2m} = \text{const}\]
    Anno
    1609
    Scienziato/a
    Johannes Kepler
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Lagrange Points Hoodie

    Potere
    In a frame rotating with two orbiting bodies, gravity and the centrifugal effect combine into one effective potential.
    Equazione
    \[U = -\frac{1-\mu}{r_1} - \frac{\mu}{r_2} - \frac{x^2+y^2}{2}\]
    Anno
    1772
    Scienziato/a
    Joseph-Louis Lagrange
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Lenzor

    Potere
    A changing magnetic flux induces a voltage, and the induced current always flows so as to oppose the change.
    Equazione
    \[\mathcal{E} = -\frac{d\Phi_B}{dt}\]
    Anno
    1834
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • Libratrix

    Potere
    Two bodies orbiting each other have five points where a small third body can keep pace with them.
    Equazione
    \[r_{L2} \approx R\left(\frac{M_2}{3M_1}\right)^{1/3}\]
    Anno
    1772
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Light Cone Hoodie

    Potere
    In spacetime, light travels along a cone that separates events you could reach or be reached from (past and future) from those you can't (elsewhere).
    Equazione
    \[ds^2 = c^2dt^2 - dx^2 - dy^2 - dz^2\]
    Anno
    1909
    Scienziato/a
    Hermann Minkowski
    Ambito
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Lissajous Hoodie

    Potere
    Plotting one oscillation against another at right angles traces a Lissajous figure.
    Equazione
    \[x = A\sin(3\omega t),\qquad y = B\sin(2\omega t + \pi/2)\]
    Anno
    1857
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Mach Cone Hoodie

    Potere
    An object moving faster than sound outruns its own sound waves, and they pile up into a cone.
    Equazione
    \[\sin\mu = \frac{c}{v} = \frac{1}{M}\]
    Anno
    1887
    Scienziato/a
    Ernst Mach
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Magnara

    Potere
    A spinning ball moving through air is pushed sideways, toward the side where its surface moves with the airflow.
    Equazione
    \[\mathbf{F}_M = \alpha\,\boldsymbol{\omega}\times\mathbf{v}\]
    Anno
    1853
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Magnetic Dipole Hoodie

    Potere
    Magnetic field lines never start or stop, because there are no magnetic charges.
    Equazione
    \[\nabla\cdot\mathbf{B} = 0\]
    Anno
    1865
    Scienziato/a
    James Clerk Maxwell
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • Magnetron Twins

    Potere
    The energy of two small magnets depends on both their distance and how they are oriented relative to the line joining them.
    Equazione
    \[U = -\frac{\mu_0}{4\pi r^{3}}\left[3(\vec m_1\cdot\hat r)(\vec m_2\cdot\hat r) - \vec m_1\cdot\vec m_2\right]\]
    Anno
    1873
    Scienziato/a
    James Clerk Maxwell
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • Moderon

    Potere
    A neutron loses the largest share of its energy when it hits a nucleus of about its own mass.
    Equazione
    \[\alpha = \left(\frac{A-1}{A+1}\right)^2\]
    Anno
    1935
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • Muonaut

    Potere
    Muons made high in the atmosphere live only about two microseconds, too short to cross the atmosphere at face value.
    Equazione
    \[\Delta t = \gamma\,\tau, \qquad L = \frac{L_0}{\gamma}\]
    Anno
    1941
    Ambito
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Neutrina Fade

    Potere
    A charged particle moving through water faster than light moves in water gives off a cone of blue Cherenkov light, at an angle set by its speed and the refractive index.
    Equazione
    \[\cos\theta_C = \frac{1}{n\beta}\]
    Anno
    1937
    Scienziato/a
    Enrico Fermi, Wolfgang Pauli
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • Nodal Lines Hoodie

    Potere
    A vibrating plate obeys an equation in which its bending stiffness balances its inertia.
    Equazione
    \[D\,\nabla^4 w = \rho h\,\omega^2 w,\qquad D = \frac{E h^3}{12(1-\nu^2)}\]
    Anno
    1850
    Scienziato/a
    Ernst Chladni
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Null Beacon

    Potere
    In a universe whose expansion is speeding up, there is a largest distance from which light sent today can ever reach us: about 16.7 billion light-years.
    Equazione
    \[d_{\text{EH}}(t) = a(t)\int_{t}^{\infty} \frac{c\,dt^{\prime}}{a(t^{\prime})}\]
    Anno
    1956
    Ambito
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Orbitick

    Potere
    GPS clocks feel weaker gravity than clocks on the ground, so they run fast, and their orbital speed makes them run slightly slow.
    Equazione
    \[\frac{\Delta f}{f} \approx \frac{\Delta\Phi}{c^2} - \frac{v^2}{2c^2}\]
    Anno
    2003
    Ambito
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Oscillayne

    Potere
    A damped oscillator driven by a periodic force responds most strongly when the drive is close to its natural frequency.
    Equazione
    \[\ddot x + \gamma\dot x + \omega_0^{2}x = \frac{F_0}{m}\cos\omega t\]
    Anno
    1877
    Scienziato/a
    Galileo Galilei, Thomas Young
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Pendulum Phase Space Hoodie

    Potere
    In a pendulum's phase space, small swings trace closed loops, while fast motions go all the way over the top and keep spinning.
    Equazione
    \[H = \frac{p^2}{2ml^2} - mgl\cos\theta\]
    Anno
    1834
    Scienziato/a
    William Rowan Hamilton
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Pendulux

    Potere
    A pendulum keeps swinging in a fixed plane while the Earth turns beneath it.
    Equazione
    \[\omega_{\text{prec}} = \Omega_\oplus \sin\varphi\]
    Anno
    1851
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter, Forces & Fields

  • Penrose Diagram Hoodie

    Potere
    A Penrose diagram squeezes an infinite spacetime onto a finite page while keeping light rays at 45 degrees.
    Equazione
    \[ds^2 = -\left(1-\frac{2GM}{c^2r}\right)c^2dt^2 + \frac{dr^2}{1-\frac{2GM}{c^2r}} + r^2d\Omega^2\]
    Anno
    1916
    Scienziato/a
    Roger Penrose
    Ambito
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Photon Sphere Hoodie

    Potere
    Near a black hole, gravity bends light so strongly that at one and a half times the event-horizon radius light can travel in a circle, the photon sphere.
    Equazione
    \[\frac{d^2u}{d\phi^2} + u = \frac{3GM}{c^2}\,u^2,\qquad u = \frac{1}{r}\]
    Anno
    1916
    Scienziato/a
    Karl Schwarzschild
    Ambito
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Plasma Drift

    Potere
    In a plasma, electrons that are pushed aside spring back and oscillate at the plasma frequency, which depends only on how dense they are.
    Equazione
    \[\omega_p = \sqrt{\frac{n_e e^{2}}{\varepsilon_0 m_e}}\]
    Anno
    1929
    Scienziato/a
    Irving Langmuir
    Ambito
    Heat & Entropy

  • Poincaré Section Hoodie

    Potere
    The Hénon–Heiles potential is a simple model of a star moving in a galaxy.
    Equazione
    \[H = \tfrac12\left(p_x^2+p_y^2\right) + \tfrac12\left(x^2+y^2\right) + x^2y - \tfrac13y^3\]
    Anno
    1964
    Scienziato/a
    Henri Poincaré
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • Primordix

    Potere
    In the first minutes after the Big Bang, the ratio of neutrons to protons froze out at a small fixed value.
    Equazione
    \[Y_p \simeq \frac{2\,(n/p)}{1 + n/p}\]
    Anno
    1966
    Ambito
    Relativity & Cosmos

  • Probability Cloud Hoodie

    Potere
    The electron in hydrogen does not follow an orbit.
    Equazione
    \[\psi_{nlm}(r,\theta,\phi) = R_{nl}(r)\,Y_l^m(\theta,\phi)\]
    Anno
    1926
    Scienziato/a
    Erwin Schrödinger
    Ambito
    Quantum

  • Projectile Range Hoodie

    Potere
    Without air resistance, a projectile's range is v² sin 2θ / g, which is largest at 45 degrees.
    Equazione
    \[R = \frac{v^2 \sin 2\theta}{g}\]
    Anno
    1638
    Ambito
    Waves, Chaos & Matter

  • QED Vertex Tee: Alpha Near 1/137

    Potere
    Every interaction between light and charged particles is built from one junction where a charged particle meets a photon.
    Equazione
    \[-ie\gamma^{\mu}\]
    Anno
    1949
    Scienziato/a
    Richard Feynman, Julian Schwinger, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • Quantum Oscillator Hoodie

    Potere
    A quantum spring can only hold energy in equal steps of ħω, and its lowest level still carries half a step.
    Equazione
    \[\hat H = \frac{\hat p^2}{2m} + \frac12 m\omega^2\hat x^2\]
    Anno
    1925
    Scienziato/a
    Werner Heisenberg
    Ambito
    Quantum

  • Quarkbinders

    Potere
    Baryons such as the proton are built from three quarks with three different colour charges, combined so that the whole is colourless.
    Equazione
    \[\lvert B\rangle \propto \varepsilon_{ijk}\,\lvert q^{i} q^{j} q^{k}\rangle\]
    Anno
    1973
    Scienziato/a
    Hideki Yukawa, Murray Gell-Mann, Richard Feynman
    Ambito
    Forces & Fields

  • Quavo & Lia

    Potere
    In the singlet state, two spins always come out opposite when measured along the same axis, yet each one on its own is completely random.
    Equazione
    \[\lvert\Psi^{-}\rangle = \tfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\lvert\uparrow\downarrow\rangle - \lvert\downarrow\uparrow\rangle\right)\]
    Anno
    1935
    Scienziato/a
    Albert Einstein, John Bell
    Ambito
    Quantum