{"product_id":"tolmans-dimming-plate-075-physics-poster","title":"Tolman's Dimming – Plate 075 Physics Poster","description":"\u003cp\u003ePlate 75 speaks for itself: \u003cem\u003e“Redshift one: sixteen times fainter.”\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eThe Physics\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn an expanding universe the surface brightness of a galaxy falls as (1 + z)⁻⁴, regardless of distance otherwise. At z = 1 that is 2⁴ = 16 times fainter.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eΣ ∝ (1 + z)⁻⁴\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eΣ: bolometric surface brightness, W m⁻² sr⁻¹\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ez: redshift, dimensionless\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eTolman, PNAS 16, 511 (1930). Frames are brightness-stretched.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHonest caveat:\u003c\/em\u003e The (1 + z)⁻⁴ law is for bolometric brightness; in a fixed band and with galaxy evolution the observed dimming differs.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eSources\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eR. C. Tolman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 16, 511 (1930).\u003c\/li\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003ch3\u003eOn the poster\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003ePlate 075, “Tolman's Dimming”: the pixel-art plate with its slogan “Redshift one: sixteen times fainter.”, the key equation and the facts panel shown above. Pixelated Physics. Physics. Personified.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Printify","offers":[{"title":"9'' x 12\" (Vertical) \/ Matte","offer_id":50962670223463,"sku":"14944091345389547894","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"9'' x 12\" (Vertical) \/ Fine Art","offer_id":50962670256231,"sku":"25490976917787589629","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"9'' x 12\" (Vertical) \/ Semi Glossy","offer_id":50962670288999,"sku":"21701885598565646340","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"18″ x 24″ (Vertical) \/ Fine Art","offer_id":50962670321767,"sku":"21150198853422815312","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"18″ x 24″ (Vertical) \/ Semi Glossy","offer_id":50962670354535,"sku":"33187520958804352323","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"18″ x 24″ (Vertical) \/ Matte","offer_id":50962670387303,"sku":"25318907574912032649","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"36'' x 48\" (Vertical) \/ Matte","offer_id":50962670420071,"sku":"32888775851062654418","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"36'' x 48\" (Vertical) \/ Fine Art","offer_id":50962670452839,"sku":"17561262781674174377","price":119.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"36'' x 48\" (Vertical) \/ Semi Glossy","offer_id":50962670485607,"sku":"27463958719314490470","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0596\/8746\/9159\/files\/7536141533951322605_2048.jpg?v=1793636422","url":"https:\/\/pixelatedphysics.com\/zh-hans\/products\/tolmans-dimming-plate-075-physics-poster","provider":"Pixelated Physics","version":"1.0","type":"link"}